Direct Object Pronouns in Italian

â€Å"I’m reading a book. I’m reading the book for my Italian course. My husband bought the book as well because he is taking the same course.† When you read the three sentences above, they sound pretty choppy and that’s because instead of using a pronoun, like â€Å"it,† the person speaking is just saying â€Å"book† over and over again. This is why pronouns, and in this particular case, direct object pronouns are such an  important topic to understand in Italian. What is a direct object? A direct object is the direct recipient of the action of a verb. Let us explain that with some more examples. I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? → The boys.He reads the book. What does he read? →   The book. The nouns boys and books are both direct objects because they answer the question what? or whom? When you study verbs in Italian, you may often see a note about whether a verb is transitive or intransitive. While there is a lot to know about those verbs, I want you to simply note that verbs that take a direct object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not take a direct object (she walks, I sleep) are intransitive. As we saw in our first example, direct object pronouns exist because they replace direct object nouns. I invite the boys. -- I invite them.He reads the book. -- He reads it. Here’s what direct object pronouns (i pronomi diretti) look like: SINGULAR PLURAL mi me ci us ti you (informal) vi you (informal) La you (formal m. and f.) Li you (form., m.) Le you (form., f.) lo him, it li them (m. and f.) la her, it le them (f.) Where do direct object pronouns go? A direct object pronoun is placed immediately before a conjugated verb. Se vedo i ragazzi, li invito. - If I see the boys, I’ll invite them.Compra la frutta e la mangia. - He buys the fruit and eats it. In a negative sentence, the word  non  must come before the object pronoun. Non la mangia. - He doesn’t eat it.Perchà ¨ non li inviti? - Why don’t you invite them? The object pronoun can also be attached to the end of an  infinitive, but note that the final –e of the infinitive is dropped. È importante mangiarla ogni giorno. - It is important to eat it every day.È una buona idea invitarli. It’s a good idea to invite them. FUN FACT: You’ll notice that when you use a direct object pronoun in the  past tense that it will often connect with a  conjugation of the verb â€Å"avere†. For example, â€Å"Non l’ho letto - I didn’t read it†. The â€Å"lo† connects with â€Å"ho† and creates one word â€Å"l’ho†. However, keep in mind that the  plural forms li and le never connect with any conjugations of the verb â€Å"avere†, like â€Å"Non li ho comprati - I didn’t buy them†. You may also see: M’ama, non m’ama. (Mi ama, non mi ama.). - He loves me, he loves me not.Il passaporto? Loro non (ce) l’hanno (lo hanno). - The passport? They don’t have it. Which verbs take a direct object? A few Italian verbs that take a direct object, such as ascoltare, aspettare, cercare, and guardare, correspond to English verbs that are used with prepositions (to listen to, to wait for, to look for, to look at). That means that you don’t have to use â€Å"per - for† when saying â€Å"Who are looking for?† in Italian. A: Chi cerchi? - Who are you looking for? B: Cerco il mio ragazzo. Lo cerco già   da mezz’ora! - I’m looking for my boyfriend. I’ve been looking for him for half an hour! What about â€Å"ecco†? â€Å"Ecco† is often used with direct object pronouns, and they attach to the end of the word to mean â€Å"here I am, here you are, here he is†, and so on. Dov’à ¨ la signorina? – Eccola! - Where is the young woman? – Here she is!Hai trovato le chiavi? – Sà ¬, eccole! - Have you found the keys? – Yes, here they are!Eccoli! Sono arrivati! - Here they are! They arrived!Non riesco a trovare le mie penne preferite - Eccole qua amore! - I can’t find my favourite pens.- Here they are honey!

The Modal Model Of Memory - 838 Words

The modal model of memory was initially introduced by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) because they believed that once data enters the brain it must either be contained or put away. They additionally recommended that data is kept into three particular memory frameworks i.e. the sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory. This model was developed to clarify the process of our memory, its capacity and how long the memory is able to hold a data. Furthermore, they carried out a multi-score model which described memory in terms of information flowing via systems and this research was successful in terms of the amount of research it consisted of. As a result, of this Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short-term memory which was also known as the working memory. The modal model memory is an explanation as to how the memory process functions, although William James (1890) justified a dissimilarity amid the primary and secondary memory because primary memory comprised of thoughts which held for a short term in consciousness, whereas the secondary memory consisted of a permanent unconscious store. The sensory memory gathers data via our senses, ears, eyes, mouth and due to this information only remains in store for a very small amount time, thus the model suggests that if consideration is given to the senses then the memory exchanges to the short term capacity. An evidence of the sensory store was provided by Sperling (1960); asShow MoreRelatedThe Atkinson And Shiffrin Modal Model Of Memory2042 Words   |  9 PagesMemory is a very crucial topic not everyone understands. We might hear an individual saying â€Å"He has a great memory,† or others mentioning they have a â€Å"bad memory† whenever they have forgotten an important subject. People use the term memory frequently but often not knowing its true meaning. According to Baddeley (1999), memory is not an actual organ as the heart, the kidneys, or the liver; instead, it consists of a network in which many systems work together, allowing us to be capable of rememberingRead MoreEssay about The Human Memory Model 1732 Words   |  7 PagesMemory, Thinking, and Intelligence Memory is the process in our brain that the results of learning are stored for future recall. There are three types of memory, sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. The human memory processing system is comprised of an input or encoding stage, a storage process, and a retrieval process, the human memory also tends to forget quite a bit of information. Psychologists have many general principles to help us improve our memory and learning how theRead MoreThe Working Memory Model Proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch1630 Words   |  7 Pages That our memory isn’t veridical is not a novel idea. This means that we don’t perfectly remember everything that we have seen or experienced in the past. Broadly speaking, there are two fundamental memory errors that occur in everyday life. One is forgetting events that have occurred, and the other is remembering something that did not transpire (or misremembering them in the way that they occurred). The first error, forgetting, is very common, and needs no explanation. We can all think of instancesRead MoreThe Lexical Decision Task Shows Evidence Towards Readiness1619 Words   |  7 Pagessemantic memories used in the form of associations based on relatedness of words in the experiment. This experiment is important because it attempts to understand how people develop, store, and use memories to their advantage. Additionally, the Lexical Decision Task attempts to explain why how long term memory is used and under what circumstances it is recovered. Memory is a crucial part of life for most people. It is the way that we participate in our every-day lives. Without memories, people wouldRead MoreMemory Is The Most Ideal Spot At Store Information, And The Two Types Of Privacy972 Words   |  4 PagesMemory Memory is an important aspect throughout many of our lives, and is key for remembering material for exams, the layout around us, and memorable events in our life. There are many types of memory, such perceptual memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Depending on what one wants to learn, long term memory is the most ideal spot to store information such as material for an exam. In my Social Media Today class I am required to memorize a great deal of information, including everythingRead MoreThe Ethics of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind706 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ What if you could erase bad memories? Would you erase the memory of a bad relationship? An unpleasant experience? What if you were traumatized by combat, a terrible accident, or a brutal assault? What if your memories disturbed your sleep, caused nightmares, changed your personality, affected your work and relationships, and were damaging to your physical health? PTSD Nearly five million Americans between the ages of 18 and 54 suffer from p ost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The fearRead MoreEssa 390 Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesWebb). The course of the z/Architecture had provide upward compatibility for application programs. The main idea of the z/Architecture is to boost the storage usable by an application program and the central storage which could be connected to a model and shared by large number of programs. The z/Architecture has boosted up the central storage of the 370-XA, ESA/37-, and ESA/390 storage from 31-bits to a 64-bits. The z/Architecture implements compatibility for the ESA/390 application program butRead MoreThe Correlation Between Sensory Ability And Cognitive Abilities1058 Words   |  5 Pagessensory and cognitive abilities have impact on each other by a potentially aged based, third factor. Moderation and mediation analyses are applied to explore the visual acuity, which plays a role of being sensory measure, while the scores from auditory memory and visual speed tests as the cognitive measure. According to a brief research report (Claire G, La Fleur, Timothy A. Salthouse, (2014) Out of sight, Out of mind? University of Virginia), an experiment has been set up to draw a conclusion fromRead MoreEvaluate the Working Memory Model1310 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Memory Introduction Human memory is a complex cognitive structure, which can be defined in many ways. One would argue that memory is 1.) The mental function of retaining information about stimuli, event, images, ideas, etc. after the original stimuli is no longer present. 2.) The hypothesized storage system in the mind that holds this information is so retained. A clear distinction is made between different types of memory systems and can be divided into subclasses. The first model ofRead MoreChemistry Of My Long Term Memory1137 Words   |  5 Pages1. I am storing chemistry in my long term memory. General Chemistry just had a test last week so I am attempting to store new information, specifically from Chapter 10 tilted Chemical Bonding. We have covered bond theories and have worked extensively on the Lewis Dot structure. The Lewis Dot structure represents the boding of valence electrons, we represent this bonding using dot structures. There are different types of chemical bonds that must be represented with their very own dot structure. We

Engineers Code of Ethics

Question: Describe about the Term for Engineers Code of Ethics. Answer: Preliminary The 2010 Engineers Code of Ethics surely marks a watershed and is a compendium for skills and good practice that professionals should embrace. Accordingly, the code of ethics assigns a pivotal role, which cannot be snuffed as negligible, to individuals in the engineering firmament. At the outset, steadfast and impartial measures to ensure that the demands of the code are given life must be a priority. Demonstrate integrity It will be fatuous to downplay the essence of integrity as it is the natural and inherent impulse of life to seek to protect and respect the dignity of other individuals who may likely be affected by the consequences of ones actions. This assertion stems from the wisdom supplied by the neighbor principle enunciated in the famous dicta authored by Lord Atkin.(Stevenson,1932) In its concrete manifestation, integrity demands of managers and professionals to practice the principle of honesty and trustworthy. Needless to say, ignorance is on the face of the law no defense hence professionals should act on a well-informed conscience bearing in mind that the reward of ignorance is disasters such as the one in dispute now.( Stewart, Sprinthall, and Shafer, 2001) Practice Competently Lack of knowledge and skills typically defines incompetency. The challenging question embedded in this whole debate on the disaster that occurred is whether the team of professionals in BHP Billiton Ltd possessed enough skill and expertise to prevent the crisis. It would be strategically unreasonable to dissociate the calamity from the veracity that it indeed manifested an ineptitude and complicit team of professionals from BHP Billiton Ltd. It should thus be conceded that the capacity of the professional to display a coherent and principled approach in handling of affairs in the profession is absolutely essential in defending ones competence. (Australian Institute of Builders, 2001) Exercise Leadership The term leadership is nothing new but rather as old as human civilization. It is the conveyor belt towards a successful career in any profession. The entire BHP Billiton Ltd could easily sleep into a comma if the professionals fail to facilitate true leadership. It is inconceivable that with plausible leadership skills that are predicated on honesty and effective communication, the disaster would have transpired. In this sense, it is vital that such skills are cultivated in a manner that incorporates diversity and uphold the reputation of the profession. ( Davis, 2001) Impeccable leadership is manifested by proper vision, purpose and it influences judgement in practice. Promote Sustainability It is imperative to note that every action of an engineer should be one that furthers the advancement of better lives of the society and ensures the protection of the environment and natural resources. BHP Billiton Ltd offended the above principle as there was a massive environmental destruction including a devastating effect on the livelihoods of the settlers around that has since presented intractable problems for the locals. This should not be the aim of a professions undertakings. Resommendations Preliminary The tragedy that occurred in the samarco case mirrors a company that still has a long way to go to fully embrace the code of ethics and conduct. It is worth noting that the code of ethics is still a command only on paper in the company. It is the failure or the laxity of the management to ensure effective and efficient running of the company that bespeak of the companys lack of commitment to breathe life to the code of ethics. It is equally not enmesh in controversy that the reputation of the company has been watered down. It is however advisable that they apply the below recommendations. At the onset it is paramount that the company obeys the Golden Rule that states that do unto others what you expect them to do to you. ( Badger, and Gay 1996) Impact on society/Negligence The samarco case could be one of negligence. Negligence occurs where one person owes another a duty of care but breaches such a duty. The tort of negligence entails failing to do what a reasonable person ought to do that in end caused damage. It is submitted to the corporation that they ought to contemplate their neighbors and the consequences of their act or omissions which eventually have an impact on society. The duty of care gives rise to a legal obligation that they should not harm others and that they ought to reasonably foresee any such harm. The company should thus exercise reasonable standards of care and skill expected of the engineering profession. (Charles and Martin, 2002) Professional negligence attracts liability as was held in Turner v Garland and Christopher,1853 (Barrister,1914) where a roof collapsed because of negligence in architectural design. Disclosure The principle of full disclosure raises a legal obligation to act in utmost good faith and honesty. Members of BHP Billiton Ltd should cultivate cooperation among them that includes disclosing material information to the relevant authorities in the company. A breach of such a duty amounts to a professional misconduct. (Harris , Pritchard, Rabins, 1995) The duty of disclosure encourages a good working relationship among colleagues in the company. Integrity The company management may be involved in questionable atrocious conducts that may ruin the reputation of the company and eventually affect the financial standing. Such conducts include cases of massive corruption .The company should thus invest in mechanisms to ensure that that such practices are not bred in the company. Cases of embezzling funds lead to substandard projects being performed which may later cause an accident. The management should thus create an ecosystem that is a stalwart of integrity. Competence The company should have regulations formulated to ensure that highly qualified personnel are employed. Half-baked professional are disastrous to the company as there level competency put the company to a risk of failure to meet its objectives. (Mason, 1998) The personnel should possess a standard of skill and knowledge that is expected of their profession. If this is effected even cases acts omissions that lead to Negligence will no longer be in issue. 3. Preliminary It is a general principle in law that one has to read and appreciate the terms of a contract before signing any contract. (Paterson Robertson, 2015) It was held in Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd, 2004 that parties to a contract are bound by the terms in the contract once they have signed regardless of whether they read or understood the terms. Such terms essentially covers liabilities and exclusion clauses that any buyer ought to be aware of before appending a signature. The discussion in this question falls within the rubric of Australian Consumer Law (ACL) and the common law of contract. Product Defects The ACL has long recognized that goods sold to a consumer must be of merchantable quality. (Gooley 2014) This implies that the goods must safe for use by the consumer at the time of buying the goods. (Australian Knitting Mills Ltd v. Grant ,1933) It can be argued that it was indeed honorable for Better Car Ltd to acknowledge that the self-drive mode utility was faulty and was due to the negligence of one of its engineers. The company was however not ignorant of the safety of the driver and its passengers when the car is on self-drive mode and to that effect they had a clause in the contract insisting on the driver to take safety measures. Breach of a Condition. It is an implied condition in the contract that the goods are of merchantable quality and it is submitted that Better Car Ltd is liable for the breach of this condition. It should however be borne in mind that there was a clause limiting the liability of the company in case of a breach of this condition. It should be noted that since the contract was signed by the buyer despite several attempts to explain to the buyer on the effects of the terms of the contract he is agreeing to, the extent of limitation entrenched by the contract is permissible. It was noted in Astley v Austrust Limited, 2000 that implied terms are applicable in contract law and the defendant is liable for a breach where they are breached Damages as a Result of Breach Better Car Ltd will only be liable for the breach to the extent of the negligence caused by the engineers. On the contrary, personal injuries resulting from the accident were also contributed by the negligence of the buyer in not reading the terms of the contract so as to be aware of any safety precautions that ought to be taken when driving under self-drive mode. Defenses Under the ACL ss142 a manufacturer or supplier could put up a defense that at the time that the transaction in the product was taking place the defect in the product could not be detected despite application of reasonable skill and expertise. The success of such a defense is determinate on a balance of probability though this would be the best possible argument that Better Car Ltd could apply. Remedies The buyer in the contract could only recover damages to the extent that the car self-drive mode was faulty. Since Better Car Ltd acknowledged there carelessness a case on a tort of negligence would be proper when claiming damages. The company could plead contributory negligence because the driver did not read the contract he signed and he went on to negligently sleep in a car despite the clause that stated that one should still be careful even when the car is on self-drive mode. If the buyer brings the case under contract law to put full liability on the company, the company could sue again under tort of negligence so that the liability is shared. In Astley v Austrust Ltd,2000 it was held that damages for a breach of contract could not be reduced by contributory negligence, however, the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Act 2000 (NSW) allows for a reduction of the damages for a contractual breach based on contributory negligence. References Astley v Austrust Ltd , HCA 197 CLR 1(2000). Australian Knitting Mills Ltd v. Grant, 50 CLR 387 (1933). Australian Institute of Builders, 2001 URL: https://www.aib.org.au/about.html Badger, W., and Gay, S.W., (1996) The top ten lessons learned in construction contracting, Cost Engineering, 38(5), May, 209. Barrister R., (1914). Hudson's Building Contracts Charles V. and Martin S. (2002). Professional Ethics the Construction Industry Davis, I., 2001, Health and safety: an economic and moral issue, Master Builder, The Magazine of the Federation of Master Builders, Mar, 17. Donoghue vs Stevenson, AC 562 [1932]. Harris Jr, C.E., Pritchard, M.S., Rabins, M.J., 1995, Engineering ethics: concepts and cases, Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA Gooley J., (2014).Principles of Australian contract law: cases and materials. Mason, R.R., 1998, Ethics: a professional concern, Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 68(12), Dec, 636. Paterson J., Robertson A., (2015) Principles of Contract Law. Stewart, D., Sprinthall, N., and Shafer, D. M. 2001. "Moral Development in Public Administration." Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd, 79 ALJR 129 (2004).